Articles
NCERT Chapter Summary: Tissues
Tissue is a group of cells similar in structure and function. Plant tissues are of two main types - meristematic and permanent.
Read more …Light Energy
Light is the form of energy which makes the objects visible to us. When light reaches from object to our eyes, it becomes visible to us. Reflection, refraction and dispersion are the important properties of light.
Read more …Physiography of India
India is a large country. India is the seventh largest country of the world. It extends from the state of Jammu and Kashmir in the North to the state of Tamil Nadu in the South; from the state of Arunachal Pradesh in the east to the state of Gujarat in the west.
Read more …Human Impact on Environment
Environmental problems may arise due to natural disasters or due to human activities.
Read more …Natural Environment
In an ecosystem, living organisms interact among themselves and also with the surroundings continuously and yet maintain a balance. Ecosystem is divided into two basic categories namely terrestrial and aquatic.
Read more …Carbon and its Compounds
Diamond has a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded carbon atom. It is hard and colourless. It has high melting and boiling point and is a good conductor of heat but poor conductor of electricity.
Read more …Metals and Non-metals
Elements are broadly classified as metals nonmetals. Metals can be distinguished from non-metal on the basis of their physical properties like malleability ductility, lusture.
Read more …Water
Water is the abundant natural resource available. Although sea water is the largest natural source of water, it is unfit for domestic use and drinking. Water is essential for survival of all living beings.
Read more …Air
Air is a mixture of different gases. It contains oxygen, Nitrogen, Argon, Carbon dioxide and traces of some inert gases. It also contains water vapour.
Read more …Heredity
Features passed down from one generation to the other is Heredity or Inheritance. Genes control heredity. Differences in features of individuals of the same species is variation.
Read more …Control and Coordination
Nervous system (NS) and endocrine system together ensure that all the parts of the body work in a controlled and coordinated manner.
Read more …Excretion
Excretion is the removal of harmful wastes like urea by kidneys, sweat from skin and CO2 by Lungs.
Read more …Transportation (Blood Circulation)
Blood transports food and oxygen to all the cells of the body. It is made of fluid plasma and cells. Plasma which transports glucose, enzymes and hormones to cells, carries waste material from liver to kidneys for removal.
Read more …Respiration
Blood vessels carry oxygen from alveoli to tissues. Cells of tissues take up the oxygen. In the mitochondria of the cells, oxygen acts upon glucose to yield energy and release carbon dioxide. This is called cellular respiration.
Read more …Nutrition
Life Processes such as Nutrition, Respiration, Circulation and Excretion are necessary for the survival of living beings. Energy is needed for running life processes.
Read more …Cells and Tissues
Cell is the structural and functional unit of life. A typical cell includes a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material either within the nucleus or in the cytoplasm.
Read more …History of Life on Earth
Earth is the only planet in our solar system which sustains life. But earth was not the same as it is today. It was a ball of gases when it was first formed about 4.5 billion years ago. Earth cooled and chemicals of life were synthesized in water - chemical evolution.
Read more …Classification of Living Organisms
The earth came into existence 4-5 billion years ago and life originated around 3.4 billion years ago. In these many years, approximately 15 million different kinds of organisms have evolved. The wide variety of organisms is termed biodiversity.
Read more …Sound and Communication
Sound is the form of energy which gives the sensation of hearing. It travels in the form of waves.
Read more …Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
Magnet is a naturally occurring or artificially designed material which has a peculiar property of attracting some materials like iron, nickel and cobalt, called magnetic materials.
Read more …Electrical Energy
There are two types of charges: positive charge, i.e., the charge that a glass rod acquires when rubbed with silk and negative charge, i.e., the charge which an ebonite rod acquires when rubbed with flannel.
Read more …Thermal Energy
Thermal energy, also called heat, is a form of energy which gives us sensation of hotness. Like other forms of energy its SI unit is Joule (J). Temperature is a measure of hotness of a body. It is measured in, ºF, ºC or K, with the help of a device called thermometer.
Read more …Work and Energy
Work: The product of displacement and force in the direction of displacement of a body is called work.
Read more …Force
Inertia: The property of a body which tends to keep the body in its state of rest or of uniform motion is called inertia.
Read more …Motion
A continuous change in the position of the object with respect to time is called motion.
Read more …Acids, Bases and Salts
Acids are the substances which taste sour, change blue litmus red, are corrosive to metals and furnish H+ ions in their aqueous solutions. Bases are the substances which taste bitter, change red litmus blue, feel slippery and furnish OH- ions in their aqueous solutions.
Read more …Chemical Bonding
The basic cause of chemical bonding is to attain noble gas configuration either by transfer of electron from a metal to non- metal or by sharing of electrons between two non-metal atoms.
Read more …Periodic Classification of Elements
The first classification of elements was as metals and non-metals. After the discovery of atomic mass (old term, atomic weight) it was thought to be the fundamental property of elements and attempts were made to correlate it to their other properties.
Read more …Atomic Structure
According to Dalton’s atomic theory, the atom is considered to be the smallest indivisible constituent of all matter. This theory could explain the law of conservation of mass, law of constant composition and law of multiple proportions.
Read more …Medieval World
There was transformation of European Society after the downfall of the Roman Empire, and the birth of a new religion called Islam which led to the founding of a vast empire that originated in West Asia and spread out over a large part of the world.
Read more …Modern World
With the decline of feudalism, the restrictions on peasants become a thing of the past simultaneously, the period witnessed the rise of powerful merchant class, which financed discoveries of new lands. These, with other factors, brought about the Industrial revolution which led a sea change throughout the world. This was the beginning of the Modern Age.
Read more …Age of Revolutions
There was a very strong dissatisfaction with political leadership and people started demanding more participation in the affairs of the State.
Read more …Imperialism and Colonialism
Industrial Revolution brought social and economic changes that transformed the agricultural society to a modern industrial society. The industrialised nations needed raw materials for their industries as well as markets for their finished good.
Read more …World Wars
The murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand became the immediate cause of the war.
Read more …Religious and Social Awakening
In the first half of 19th century the society was backward due (i) lack of education and (i) subordination of women. This prevented society's progress. Many reformers came up during this period who contributed to religious and social awakening helped in transforming the society for betterment.
Read more …Ancient World
Discovery of metal led to human civilisation becoming highly evolved. Copper was the first metal used by human beings; the cultures based on use of both copper and stone are called Chalcolithic Cultures.
Read more …Chemical Reactions and Equations
A chemical equation is a shorthand description of a reaction. It symbolically represents the reactants, products and their physical states.
Read more …Atoms and Molecules
According to law of constant proportions, a sample of a pure substance always consists of the same elements combined in the same proportion by mass.
Read more …Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space is matter. There are three different physical states of matter in which a substance can exist - solid, liquid and gas.
Read more …Measurement
Measurement is a process of comparing a physical quantity with a standard quantity. The standard quantity used to compare a physical quantity for its measurement is called unit.
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