Articles
NCERT Chapter Summary: Agriculture
India is an agriculturally important country. Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities. Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food that we consume. Besides food grains, it also produces raw material for various industries.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: India - Size and Location
India is one of the ancient civilisations in the world. It has achieved multi-faceted socio-economic progress during the last five decades. It has moved forward displaying remarkable progress in the field of agriculture, industry, technology and overall economic development. India has also contributed significantly to the making of world history.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Population
The people are important to develop the economy and the society. The people make and use resources and are themselves resources with varying quality. Coal is but a piece of rock, until people were able to invent technology to obtain it and make it ‘resource’. Natural events, like a flood or a Tsunami, becomes a ‘disaster’ only when they affect a crowded village or a town.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
India is one of the 12 mega bio-diversity countries of the world. With about 47,000 plant species India occupies tenth place in the world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity. There are about 15,000 flowering plants in India, which account for 6 per cent in the world’s total number of flowering plants.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Climate
Climate refers to the sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long period of time (more than thirty years). Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere over an area at any point of time. The elements of weather and climate are the same - temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Drainage
The term drainage describes the river system of an area. Small streams flowing from different directions come together to form the main river, which ultimately drains into a large water body such as a lake or a sea or an ocean. The area drained by a single river system is called a drainage basin.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Physical Features of India
India is a large landmass formed during different geological periods which has influenced her relief. Besides geological formations, a number of processes, such as weathering, erosion and deposition, have created and modified the relief to its present form.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Rise of Nationalism in Europe
In 1848, Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’, as he called them. The first print of the series, shows the peoples of Europe and America - men and women of all ages and social classes - marching in a long train, and offering homage to the statue of Liberty as they pass by it.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Print Culture and Modern World
It is difficult for us to imagine a world without printed matter. We find evidence of print everywhere around us – in books, journals, newspapers, prints of famous paintings, and also in everyday things like theatre programmes, official circulars, calendars, diaries, advertisements, cinema posters at street corners.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Age of Industrialisation
In 1900, a popular music publisher E.T. Paull produced a music book that had a picture on the cover page announcing the ‘Dawn of the Century’. At the centre of the picture is a goddess-like figure, the angel of progress, bearing the flag of the new century. She is gently perched on a wheel with wings, symbolising time.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Making of a Global World
When we talk of ‘globalisation’ we often refer to an economic system that has emerged since the last 50 years or so. But as you will see in this chapter, the making of the global world has a long history - of trade, of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much else.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Nationalism in India
As you have seen, modern nationalism in Europe came to be associated with the formation of nation-states. It also meant a change in people’s understanding of who they were, and what defined their identity and sense of belonging.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: The French Revolution
On the morning of 14 July 1789, the city of Paris was in a state of alarm. The king had commanded troops to move into the city. Rumours spread that he would soon order the army to open fire upon the citizens.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Pastoralists in the Modern World
In this chapter you will read about nomadic pastoralists. Nomads are people who do not live in one place but move from one area to another to earn their living. In many parts of India we can see nomadic pastoralists on the move with their herds of goats and sheep, or camels and cattle.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Forest Society and Colonialism
A lot of this diversity is fast disappearing. Between 1700 and 1995, the period of industrialisation, 13.9 million sq km of forest or 9.3 per cent of the world’s total area was cleared for industrial uses, cultivation, pastures and fuelwood.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Nazism and the Rise of Hitler
In the spring of 1945, a little eleven-year-old German boy called Helmuth was lying in bed when he overheard his parents discussing something in serious tones.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Quadratic Equations
One type of polynomial is the quadratic polynomial of the form ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0. When you equate this polynomial to zero, you get a quadratic equation. Quadratic equations come up when you deal with many real-life situations.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Real Numbers
Euclid’s division algorithm, as the name suggests, has to do with divisibility of integers. Stated simply, it says any positive integer a can be divided by another positive integer b in such a way that it leaves a remainder r that is smaller than b.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Probability
An event for an experiment is the collection of some outcomes of the experiment. The Probability of an event lies between 0 and 1 (0 and 1 inclusive).
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Statistics
Facts or figures, collected with a definite purpose, are called data. Statistics is the area of study dealing with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data. How data can be presented graphically in the form of bar graphs, histograms and frequency polygons.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Surface Areas and Volumes
So far, you have been dealing with figures that can be easily drawn on our notebooks or blackboards. These are called plane figures.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Polynomials
A polynomial p(x) in one variable x is an algebraic expression in x of the form
p(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + . . . + a2x2+ a1x + a0,
where a0, a1, a2, . . ., an are constants and an ≠ 0.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Circles
A circle is the collection of all points in a plane, which are equidistant from a fixed point in the plane.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Heights and Distances
Trigonometry is one of the most ancient subjects studied by scholars all over the world. Trigonometry was invented because its need arose in astronomy. Since then the astronomers have used it, for instance, to calculate distances from the Earth to the planets and stars.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Introduction to Trigonometry
The word ‘trigonometry’ is derived from the Greek words ‘tri’ (meaning three), ‘gon’ (meaning sides) and ‘metron’ (meaning measure). trigonometry is the study of relationships between the sides and angles of a triangle.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Coordinate Geometry
To locate the position of an object or a point in a plane, we require two perpendicular lines. One of them is horizontal, and the other is vertical. The plane is called the Cartesian, or coordinate plane and the lines are called the coordinate axes.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Triangles
Two figures are congruent, if they are of the same shape and of the same size. Two circles of the same radii are congruent. Two squares of the same sides are congruent.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Arithmetic Progressions
An arithmetic progression is a list of numbers in which each term is obtained by adding a fixed number to the preceding term except the first term.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Number Systems
A number r is called a rational number, if it can be written in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0. A number s is called a irrational number, if it cannot be written in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles
Area of a figure is a number (in some unit) associated with the part of the plane enclosed by that figure. Two congruent figures have equal areas but the converse need not be true.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Quadrilaterals
Sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360°. A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two congruent triangles.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Lines and Angles
If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of the two adjacent angles so formed is 180° and vice-versa. This property is called as the Linear pair axiom. If two lines intersect each other, then the vertically opposite angles are equal.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Our Environment
The various components of an ecosystem are interdependent. The producers make the energy from sunlight available to the rest of the ecosystem. There is a loss of energy as we go from one trophic level to the next, this limits the number of trophic levels in a food-chain.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Light
Light seems to travel in straight lines. Mirrors and lenses form images of objects. Images can be either real or virtual, depending on the position of the object.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Chemical Reactions and Equations
A complete chemical equation represents the reactants, products and their physical states symbolically. A chemical equation is balanced so that the numbers of atoms of each type involved in a chemical reaction are the same on the reactant and product sides of the equation. Equations must always be balanced.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Carbon and its Compounds
Carbon is a versatile element that forms the basis for all living organisms and many of the things we use. This large variety of compounds is formed by carbon because of its tetravalency and the property of catenation that it exhibits.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Heredity and Evolution
Variations arising during the process of reproduction can be inherited. These variations may lead to increased survival of the individuals. Sexually reproducing individuals have two copies of genes for the same trait. If the copies are not identical, the trait that gets expressed is called the dominant trait and the other is called the recessive trait.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
A compass needle is a small magnet. Its one end, which points towards north, is called a north pole, and the other end, which points towards south, is called a south pole. A magnetic field exists in the region surrounding a magnet, in which the force of the magnet can be detected.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Metals and Non-metals
Elements can be classified as metals and non-metals. Metals are lustrous, malleable, ductile and are good conductors of heat and electricity. They are solids at room temperature, except mercury which is a liquid. Metals can form positive ions by losing electrons to non-metals.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Control and Coordination
Control and coordination are the functions of the nervous system and hormones in our bodies. The responses of the nervous system can be classified as reflex action, voluntary action or involuntary action.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Electricity
A stream of electrons moving through a conductor constitutes an electric current. Conventionally, the direction of current is taken opposite to the direction of flow of electrons. The SI unit of electric current is ampere.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Acids, Bases and Salts
Acid-base indicators are dyes or mixtures of dyes which are used to indicate the presence of acids and bases. Acidic nature of a substance is due to the formation of H+ (aq) ions in solution. Formation of OH– (aq) ions in solution is responsible for the basic nature of a substance.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Sound
Sound is produced due to vibration of different objects. Sound travels as a longitudinal wave through a material medium. Sound travels as successive compressions and rarefactions in the medium. In sound propagation, it is the energy of the sound that travels and not the particles of the medium. Sound cannot travel in vacuum.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Motion
Motion is a change of position. It can be described in terms of the distance moved or the displacement. The motion of an object could be uniform or non-uniform depending on whether its velocity is constant or changing.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Cells
The fundamental organisational unit of life is the cell. Cells are enclosed by a plasma membrane composed of lipids and proteins. The cell membrane is an active part of the cell. It regulates the movement of materials between the ordered interior of the cell and the outer environment.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Work and Energy
Work done on an object is defined as the magnitude of the force multiplied by the distance moved by the object in the direction of the applied force. The unit of work is joule: 1 joule = 1 newton × 1 metre.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Structure of Atom
Credit for the discovery of electron and proton goes to J.J.Thomson and E.Goldstein, respectively. J.J. Thomson proposed that electrons are embedded in a positive sphere. Rutherford’s alpha-particle scattering experiment led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Gravitation
The law of gravitation states that the force of attraction between any two objects is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The law applies to objects anywhere in the universe. Such a law is said to be universal.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Atoms and Molecules
During a chemical reaction, the sum of the masses of the reactants and products remains unchanged. This is known as the Law of Conservation of Mass.
Read more …NCERT Chapter Summary: Matter
Matter is made up of small particles. The matter exists in three states - solid, liquid and gas. The forces of attraction between the particles are maximum in solids, intermediate in liquids and minimum in gases.
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